Components ,Chips and Connector on Laptop Motherboard

Jack Power

Power jack ,power cord or DC connector will fine on very first to check for power sources ,they could identified by DCIN,PJP,JCCD,JDC or depend on manufacture location code.

 

SMD INDUCTOR

also called a coil or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component which resists changes in electric current passing through it. It consists of a conductor such as a wire, usually wound into a coil. When a current flows through it, energy is stored temporarily in a magnetic field in the coil. When the current flowing through an inductor changes, the time-varying magnetic field induces a voltage in the conductor, according to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, which opposes the change in current that created it.

Capacitors

Capacitor Type on Laptop Motherboard
Capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy electrostatically in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator); for example, one common construction consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices.

Capacitor is basically divided into 2 parts: 
Capacitors Polar and Bipolar/non polar .
They work on different way.Polar capacitor has a positive pole and a negative valve. The installation should not be reversed.
Non-polar capacitor does not have the positive pole or negative pole. Indiscriminate installation. The legs of the capacitor may be mounted upside down on the pole voltage.
Testing this Polar Caps if there is continuity between their pin it mean capacitors short and testing bipolar with no pin connected to the ground , if there is continuity it's mean GOOD.no need to pull them up from circuit ,test on circuit with avometer/multitester diode test/buzzer/beep continuity.
Look at schematic to get know which is bipolar used on circuit.A lot of bipolar type using on polar character on circuit.

This Polar capacitors is the most common cause of short on circuit.a little cracks due over heat could make positive and negative poles together.Pay attention to bipolar capacitor if they put on polar line they will be a polar function on circuit.
Capacitor Polar stored energy electrostatically and to be come energy reserves when power spike coming .
Boot strap device have a biggest power spike and making trouble on boot up process .A lot of case found when power spike happen to (VCCORE) processor and graphic chip power . make a system down on boot process ,That happen on Toshiba series blue screen trouble or other no post Laptop problem.Adding some more capacitor on VCCORE and VCCP power are alternated to avoid power spike

Capacitors Polar and Bipolar/non polar .
They work on different way.Polar capacitor has a positive pole and a negative valve. The installation should not be reversed.
Non-polar capacitor does not have the positive pole or negative pole. Indiscriminate installation. The legs of the capacitor may be mounted upside down on the pole voltage.
Testing this Polar Caps if there is continuity between their pin it mean capacitors short and testing bipolar with no pin connected to the ground , if there is continuity it's mean GOOD.no need to pull them up from circuit ,test on circuit with avometer/multitester diode test/buzzer/beep continuity.
Look at schematic to get know which is bipolar used on circuit.A lot of bipolar type using on polar character on circuit.

Polimer Capacitor

Diode

diode is a two-terminal electronic component with asymmetric conductance; it has low (ideally zero) resistance to current in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other. A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material with a p–n junction connected to two electrical terminals.[5] A vacuum tube diode has two electrodes, a plate (anode) and a heated cathode. Semiconductor diodes were the first semiconductor electronic devices

Resistor

Resistors
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, act to lower voltage levels within circuits. In electronic circuits resistors are used to limit current flow, to adjust signal levels, bias active elements, terminate transmission lines among other uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.

 

 

P Channel Mosfet

Use For Power amplifier for ADP (adapter) and Battery Fet

 

N Channel Mosfet

Use For Power amplifier for ADP (adapter) and Switching transistor.

N Cannel 3 Pin

 

 

 

Battery charger

The bq24745 features Dynamic Power Management (DPM) and input power limiting. These features reduce
battery-charge current when the input power limit is reached to avoid overloading the AC adaptor when supplying
the load and the battery charger simultaneously. A highly accurate current-sense amplifier enables precise
measurement of input current from the AC adapter, allowing monitoring the overall system power. If the adapter
current is above the programmed low-power threshold, a signal is sent to host so that the system optimizes its
performance to the power available from the adapter. An integrated comparator monitors the input current
through the current-sense amplifier, and indicates when the input current exceeds a programmable threshold
limit.

The MAX17035/MAX17435/MAX17535 provide a digital
output that indicates the presence of the adapter, an
analog output that indicates the adapter or battery
current, depending upon the presence or absence of
the adapter, and a digital output that indicates when the
adapter current exceeds a user-defined threshold.
The MAX17035 operates with a switching frequency of
1.2MHz. The MAX17435 switches at 850kHz, and the
MAX17535 switches at 500kHz.

SWITCH  MODE POWER SUPLAY(SMPS) REGULATOR

This SMPS ic function to produced 3VALW and 5VALW Power.

 

The RT8206A/B dual step-down, switch-mode powersupply

(SMPS) controller generates logic-supply voltages

in battery-powered systems. The RT8206A/B includes two

pulse-width modulation (PWM) controllers fixed at 5V/

3.3V or adjustable from 2V to 5.5V. An optional external

charge pump can be monitored through SECFB

(RT8206A). This device also features a linear regulator

providing a fixed 5V output. The linear regulator provides

up to 70mA output current with automatic linear-regulator

bootstrapping to the BYP input. The RT8206A/B includes

on-board power-up sequencing, the power-good outputs,

internal soft-start, and internal soft-discharge output that

prevents negative voltages on shutdown.

A constant on-time PWM control scheme operates without

sense resistors and provides 100ns response to load

transients while maintaining a relatively constant switching

frequency. The unique ultrasonic mode maintains the

switching frequency above 25kHz, which eliminates noise

in audio applications. Other features include diodeemulation

mode (DEM), which maximizes efficiency in

light-load applications, and fixed-frequency PWM mode.

Embedded controler

Embedded systems are also set based on the input signal when to instruct perform laptop battery charging system, this signal is usually referred to BAT_IN and active when the battery is installed, this detection will give the order to make the filling by sending a signal CHG_Enable Charger IC.

Embedded systems are so much involved in laptop motherboard, they set up almost the entire input-output communication interface in sircuit.

Beginning with a switching system in which the EC receives signals EC_ON for Embedded activated controlering and turn signal VS (State enabled) then sends a signal to activate the gate driver power state based on pre-defined sequence.

Embedded systems also receive input detection sensors turn off the heat and power system if the temprature exceed specified limits .

Microcontroller input signal derived from the sensor information from the environment (discrete) while the output signal addressed to the actuator (an electronic circuit for moving or controlling a mechanism or system) then give effect to the environment.

Easily the microcontroller can be analogized as the brain of a device / product that is programmed to be able to interact with the surrounding environment, as prescribed by the microcontroller .The system is often referred to as embeddedsystem control systems that are embedded in a product.



Physically, the workings of a microcontroller can be described as a cycle of reading instructions stored in memory. Microcontroller will determine the address of the program memory to be read, and the process of reading the data in its memory. Then the data is read interpreted as a command called the program counter.

Analogized as the brain of a device / product that is programmed to be able to interact with the surrounding environment, as prescribed by the microcontroller .The system is often referred to as embeddedsystem control systems that are embedded in a product.

Embedded System can not stand Alone

Physically, the workings of a microcontroller can be described as a cycle of reading instructions stored in memory. Microcontroller will determine the address of the program memory to be read, and the process of reading the data in its memory. Then the data is read interpreted as a command called the program counter.

Microcontroller need to trigger the CPU clock oscillator working on one instruction to the next instruction .Each small step from membuthkan microcontroller operation time of one or several clock cycles to run.

Embedded systems are also set based on the input signal when to instruct perform laptop battery charging system, this signal is usually referred to BAT_IN and active when the battery is installed, this detection will give the order to make the filling by sending a signal CHG_Enable Charger IC.

Embedded systems are so much involved in laptop motherboard, they set up almost the entire input-output communication interface in sircuit.

Beginning with a switching system in which the EC receives signals EC_ON for Embedded activated controlering and turn signal VS (State enabled) then sends a signal to activate the gate driver power state based on pre-defined sequence.

Embedded systems also receive input detection sensors turn off the heat and power system if the temprature exceed specified limits

Crystal Clock Oscilator

A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency.This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz wristwatches), to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits incorporating them became known as crystal oscillators,[1] but other piezoelectric materials including polycrystalline ceramics are used in similar circuits.

Quartz crystals are manufactured for frequencies from a few tens of kilohertz to hundreds of megahertz. More than two billion crystals are manufactured annually. Most are used for consumer devices such as wristwatches, clocks, radios, computers, and cellphones. Quartz crystals are also found inside test and measurement equipment, such as counters, signal generators, and oscilloscopes.
Crystal Characteristics: Typical 32.768 kHz crystals have an operating temperature
ceiling of 60 °C, thus limit the test temperature accordingly. In addition, the
temperature coefficient of these crystals can cause time-loss of approximately 3 sec/
day at 60 °C.
Fork Capacitor Tuning: The timekeeping of the RTC is dependent on the RTCX1 input
voltage swing. Oscillation that is marginal may result in failure to meet Vih of this input
and thus “ticks” of the clock may be missed resulting in time-loss. Optimum Vpp of this
RTCX1 signal is achieved by accurately matching the crystal’s C-load specification
(typically 12 pF).
Board Leakage: Since this circuit operates at such low current, it is very sensitive to
sources of leakage on the motherboard. Manufacturing residue can cause leakage as
well as condensation on the board encountered during temperature and/or humidity
testing.
Timekeeping Baseline Device: Time of motherboards is typically compared to a
baseline device, like a watch or other baseline clock device believed to be accurate. The
case is that most timekeeping devices like this are not sufficiently accurate. This can
cause an additional source of error
Heat will damage the crystal when reworking the boards. Follow the specification of the crystal to set the right temperature for operation.

Crystal clock Oscilator CLOCK SUMMARY

(1)   32.768KHz to SIO Required +V_RTC  and to ICH(chipset) also Required +V_RTC

(2)   49.152MHz to  (audio controller) Required +V3S

(3)   27MHz :  to Graphicchip  (video controller)Required +V3S

(4)   14.318MHz : X1 to (clock Generator) Required +V3S

Make sure crystal is oscillating for EC(SIO),SB/ICH/PCH and VGA or it will no post

Clock Generator

Elementary required

1) Power   : +V3S

(2) Crystal  : 14.318MHz

(3) Control  : PCISTOP# , CPUSTOP#_ is HI

When +VCC_CORE is ready, CLKEN#will go high to enable clock-Generator and turn all clock.

PCI_STOP# and CPU_STOP# must beat high otherwise some clocks will be turned off.

Battery CMOS or Real Time Clock (RTC) Battery

Since the RTC circuit is very sensitive and requires high accuracy oscillations,
reasonable care must be taken during the layout and routing of the RTC circuit. Some
recommendations are:
•Reduce trace capacitance by minimizing the RTC trace length. The ICH/PCH requires a trace length less than 1 inch on each branch (from crystal’s terminal to RTCXn pin). Routing the RTC circuit should be kept simple to reduce the trace length measurement and increase accuracy on calculating trace capacitances. Trace capacitance depends on the trace width and dielectric constant of board’s material. On FR-4, a 5-mil trace has approximately 2 pF per inch.
•Trace signal coupling must be reduced. Avoid routing noisy periodic signals close and parallel to RTCX1, RTCX2, and VBIAS.
•Ground referencing is highly recommended.

Functional Block RTC

The Real Time Clock (RTC) updates the computer’s time and generates interrupts for periodic
events and pre-set alarm. The RTC also makes hardware leap year corrections. The SB’s RTC
includes a 256-byte CMOS RAM, which is used to store the configuration of a computer such as
the number and type of disk drive, graphics adapter, base memory, checksum value, etc.
Functional Blocks of RTC
The internal RTC is made of two parts—one part is an analog circuit, powered by a battery
VBAT, and the other is a digital circuit, powered by a main power VDD. Figure 1show the
block diagram of the internal RTC. The SB has added hardware-based daylight saving feature
and makes adjustments (spring forward or fall back) at the designated dates/times. 
Both the date and hour for the daylight and standard time are fully programmable, allowing for different daylight saving dates and hours for different parts of the world.
operates at a very small current. Care must be taken when working with this circuit.
To ensure the accuracy of the ICH/PCH RTC circuit for each specific board design and
RTC circuit layout, the external load capacitance should be optimized by choosing
correct values of the tuning fork capacitors C1/C2.
The occurrence of time-loss under environmental stress conditions is dependent on
motherboard factors (cleanliness, discrete component characteristics, layout, fork
capacitor values), and condensation. If time-loss is observed on your system, check all
of the sources of inaccuracy listed in this document to improve immunity of the internal
ICH/PCH oscillator to time loss.

DDR Memory Power and Voltage Terminator IC

Before Checking VCCORE IC this Memory Terminator should active otherwise Enable signal for VCCORE IC won’t present.

VCCORE IC (Processor Power Suplay)

The RT8856 is a single/dual phase PWM controller with

two integrated MOSFET drivers. Moreover, it is compliant

with Intel IMVP6.5 Voltage Regulator Specification to fulfill

its mobile CPU Vcore power supply requirements. The

RT8856 adopts NAVPTM(Native AVP) which is Richtek's

proprietary topology derived from finite DC gain

compensator peak current mode, making it an easy setting

PWM controller that meets all Intel AVP (Active Voltage

Positioning) mobile CPU requirements.

Thermal Sensor IC

Temperature sensor for local and remote temperature-monitoring applications.
Communication with SMBus-compatible serial interface and dedicated alert
pins. ALERT asserts if the measured local or remote temperature is greater than 
the software-programmed ALERT limit.
Converts temperatures to digital data either at a programmed rate of eight 
conversions per second or in single conversions. Temperature data is
represented by 8 data bits (at addresses 00h and 01h),
with the LSB equal to +1°C and the MSB equal to
+128°C. Two additional bits of remote temperature data
are available in the “extended” register at address 10h
and 11h (Table 2) providing resolution of +0.25C.
ADC and Multiplexer
The averaging ADC integrates over a 60ms period
(each channel, typ), with excellent noise rejection.
The multiplexer automatically steers bias currents
through the remote and local diodes. The ADC and
associated circuitry measure each diode’s forward voltage
and compute the temperature based on this voltage.
Both channels are automatically converted once
the conversion process has started, either in free-running
or single-shot mode. If one of the two channels is
not used, the device still performs both measurements,
and the user can ignore the results of the unused channel.
If the remote-diode channel is unused, connect
DXP to GND rather than leaving DXP open.
The conversion time per channel (remote and internal)
is 125ms. If both channels are being used, then each
channel is converted four times per second. If the
external conversion-only option is selected, then the
remote temperature is measured eight times per second.
The results of the previous conversion are always
available, even if the ADC is busy.
Low-Power Standby Mode
Standby mode reduces the supply current to less than
10μA by disabling the ADC and timing circuitry. Enter
standby mode by setting the RUN bit to 1 in the configuration
byte register (Table 4). All data is retained in
memory, and the SMBus interface is active and listening
for SMBus commands. Standby mode is not a shutdown
mode. With activity on the SMBus, the device
draws more supply current (see the Typical Operating
Characteristics). In standby mode, the MAX6642 can
be forced to perform ADC conversions through the
one-shot command, regardless of the RUN bit status.
If a standby command is received while a conversion is
in progress, the conversion cycle is truncated, and the
data from that conversion is not latched into a temperature
register. The previous data is not changed and
remains available.
Supply-current drain during the 125ms conversion period
is 500μA (typ). In standby mode, supply current
drops to 3μA (typ).